求逻辑学英文翻译请翻译以下文本.感谢!One type of inductive argument concludes with a hypothesis that one thing causes another. This conclusion has the form, “x causes y.” Suppose I sneak up on a little girl who is solemnly r

求逻辑学英文翻译请翻译以下文本.感谢!One type of inductive argument concludes with a hypothesis that one thing causes another. This conclusion has the form, “x causes y.” Suppose I sneak up on a little girl who is solemnly r
求逻辑学英文翻译
请翻译以下文本.感谢!
One type of inductive argument concludes with a hypothesis that one thing causes another. This conclusion has the form, “x causes y.” Suppose I sneak up on a little girl who is solemnly reading {War and Peace.} Suppose, further, that I tickle her without mercy, and that she immediately begins to giggle, and giggles all the while. If I conclude that “the tickling causes the giggling,” then I am implying three things.
1. X OCCURS EARLIER THAN Y. The tickle comes first, the giggle second.
NOTE: We must be careful not to assume that just because x happens earlier than y, x causes y. To do so is to commit the fallacy of Post Hoc E,go Propter Hoc. If, for instance, I’ve had a chronic cough which cleared up on the day that the space shuttle was launched. It would be a mistake to assume that the launch cured my cough.
2. X IS A SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR Y. Tickling the little girl was all I had to do to make her giggle. And when I did tickle her she giggled.
3. X IS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR Y. In cases like this, tickling is necessary for the giggling to occur.

求逻辑学英文翻译请翻译以下文本.感谢!One type of inductive argument concludes with a hypothesis that one thing causes another. This conclusion has the form, “x causes y.” Suppose I sneak up on a little girl who is solemnly r
有一种归纳论证方法,它可以由一个动作导致另一个动作的发生而得出结论
结论的公式为“X导致了Y”假设我偷偷观察一个正在看《战争与和平》的女孩,并
悄悄地使劲挠她痒痒,她立刻会发笑,笑个不停.如果得出结论“挠痒导致发笑”,那么
就意味着以下3个结论：
1.X的发生早于Y.挠痒先这个动作发生,笑这个动作随后发生.
注意：认为“X导致了Y”,仅仅是因为“X发生在先,Y发生在后”是错误的.不可以犯 Post Hoc E,go Propter Hoc
的错误.比如：宇宙飞船发射的那天,折磨我长期的咳嗽终于痊愈了；.推断飞船的发射是我咳凑痊愈的原因是
错误的
2.X是Y的充分条件.挠痒是我让她发笑所必须做的,且挠痒后她笑的
3.X是Y的必要条件.理由同上,挠痒对于发笑来说是必须发生的动作

归纳法的一种为提出一个带条件的结论, 即: 若A 成立, 则B成立.
这种结论的形式为 "A 导致 B". 假设有一个正在专心读书的女生(比如 战争与和平 ), 然后再假设我不停的挠她痒痒, 把她逗地咯咯直笑. 如果我得出结论:"我挠她痒痒导致她咯咯笑", 那么我在暗示三件事:
1. A 发生的时间比 B早. 挠她痒痒在先, 她咯咯笑在后.
注意; 我们可不能假设正是由于A...

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归纳法的一种为提出一个带条件的结论, 即: 若A 成立, 则B成立.
这种结论的形式为 "A 导致 B". 假设有一个正在专心读书的女生(比如 战争与和平 ), 然后再假设我不停的挠她痒痒, 把她逗地咯咯直笑. 如果我得出结论:"我挠她痒痒导致她咯咯笑", 那么我在暗示三件事:
1. A 发生的时间比 B早. 挠她痒痒在先, 她咯咯笑在后.
注意; 我们可不能假设正是由于A发生的比B早, A就导致了B,因为这样就得出了POST HOC E这样的谬论(参看Propter Hoc 即假性因果 这一节),例如, 假设我患有久咳,而好的那天正好有航天飞船发射升空, 不能因此而推断发射航天飞船就是治好我久咳的原因.
2. A 是 B 的充分条件.要让她咯咯笑, 挠她痒痒就行. 而且我挠后她确实笑了.
3. A 是 B 的必要条件.在这种情况下, 挠她痒痒是逗她笑的必要手段.

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