英语发展历程请使用英语说明英语发展的历程,写得好我给加分.150字一下,120字以上就可以.

英语发展历程请使用英语说明英语发展的历程,写得好我给加分.150字一下,120字以上就可以.
英语发展历程
请使用英语说明英语发展的历程,写得好我给加分.150字一下,120字以上就可以.

英语发展历程请使用英语说明英语发展的历程,写得好我给加分.150字一下,120字以上就可以.
English is a language with a long history and a deep intellectual debt to other languages and many scholars.Some knowledge of this history can help you understand and appreciate English more.
The history of early languages is often studied in three major
periods:The Classical Period(500B.C.---500A.D.),the middle Ages(500---1500A.D.),and Renaissance(1500---1650).
During the Class period,the Greeks initiated a systematic study of language,and the Romans transmitted the Greeks' ideas all over Europe later.During the Middle Ages,Latin contributed to "the later prescritive tendency to base English grammar on Latin models".During the Renaissance,Classical language such as Hebrew,Arabic and Chinese,
besides Greek and Latin,received serious theoretical attention.

Belongs to the Germanic tribes Ang Negro, Saxon, Jutes place of origin of today's Denmark and northern Germany. They crossed the North Sea, came to Britain, and soon spoke the local people rushed to t...

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Belongs to the Germanic tribes Ang Negro, Saxon, Jutes place of origin of today's Denmark and northern Germany. They crossed the North Sea, came to Britain, and soon spoke the local people rushed to the remote Celtic in Scotland and Wales. Some of these have migrated to Europe.
We already know that English is not the native language of the British Isles. It is in the fifth century by three Germanic tribes Ang Negro (Angles), Saxon (Saxons), Jutes (Jutes) brought over. Prior to this, the people living in Britain, said that the Celtic language.
Ancient Europe experienced various periods to some extent, and as far away as the East China, was quite similar to, or that a coincidence, but delayed a number of centuries. In the East, after the decline of the Zhou Dynasty the country rallied together to dispute the nobility; in the West, the Roman Empire in AD 286 Rome was divided into east and west, to the fifth century, once so powerful in the Roman Empire finally disappeared. The demise of the Roman Empire is an important result is that many of the original in Northern Europe "barbaric" tribal invaders down, in the era of the ancient Greek city-states had been bred to mature and powerful empire, accompanied by splendid and glorious civilization, the Mediterranean, also doomed to suffer the catastrophe of the .
Belongs to the Germanic tribes Ang Negro, Saxon, Jutes place of origin of today's Denmark and northern Germany. They crossed the North Sea, came to Britain, and soon spoke the local people rushed to the remote Celtic in Scotland and Wales. Some of these have migrated to Europe.
Ang negro, who had occupied premises in a place called the "Engle". Their language is "Englisc", - this is today's "English" origin of the word.
These come from the Nordic invasion of Germanic tribes in Britain were set up their own kingdom. The more powerful of the seven. They are: Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Essex, Sussex, East Anglia and Kent.
English belongs to Indo-European (Indo-European Family of Languages) of the Germanic (Germanic Branch). Go back, I still talk about from the Indo-European languages.
A total of 12 Indo-European language support, as there are languages in use there are 10 language groups. Here's a few words on the major branch to one by one to make a brief introduction.
Indo-European language is considered the Neolithic period (BC 7000 years ago) living in the Black Sea north of the forest (ie, today's Ukraine), where the language used by the tribe. Between about 3500-2500 BC, they began to move, to today's Western Europe, the Mediterranean, Scandinavia Diego Scandinavia, Eastern and even reached India. Their language is also immediately spread, differentiate into a variety of languages are Indo-European Village.
Celtic languages (The Celtic Branch) - This is the smallest branch of a language, but because it is mainly used in today's UK, so must be mentioned. The Celtic language from Central Europe, had around 400 BC in the whole Western Europe dominated. Celtics in more than 2000 years ago and migrated to the British Isles. Later, the bowl spoke Germanic Negro - Saxons came to Britain, the Celtics have been rushed to Wales, Ireland, Scotland.
Germanic languages (Germanic Branch) - the language is the ancient Scandinavian language and Ang Negro - Saxon evolution of them there. As a result of the impact of early Christian missionaries, Germanic and Celtic languages use the Latin alphabet for most of the. English language that belongs to this branch. Some facts about the English language are: English is the number of users in the world's second language - first course ought to our Chinese; English, the most widely used; English is the scientific and technological language; English, the most extensive vocabulary; to English As a native of the countries and regions, up to ... ....
And the English "blood" relationship of language is most closely the German and Dutch. Germanic languages also belong to Danish, Norwegian, Swedish (Swedish is a tone, which in the Indo-European languages which is very unusual, but added, and our Chinese language is somewhat similar to a), Icelandic. Has gone, were the goth language (Central Europe), Frank languages (French, not French), Lombardy language (Danube region), Vandals language (North Africa), etc..
Most Indo-European language is a "grid (cases)" and "Sexual (genders)" of the change. This is mainly reflected in the noun / pronoun, of course, verbs and so on will follow to change. German nouns have four "grid" and the three kinds of "sex" changes, such as, das Herz (first frame, so subject), des Herzens (second frame, do attribute, the equivalent of Heart's), dem Herzen (the third grid, a considerable and indirect object), das Herz (fourth frame, the equivalent of a direct object); when coupled with the plural die Herrzen, der Herrzen, den Herzen, die Herzen is a grid of eight kinds.
Mostly with the natural sex change things, such as, monitor (positive), monitress (negative), tiger (positive), tigress (negative), fortress (negative), - neutral is gone.
There are three kinds of term "sex": yang, yin,, such as, der Lehrer (the teacher, positive), die Universitat (the university, negative), das Buch (the book, neutral). English has basically no such a "grid" and "sex" the change, but still able to see in a number of words out, such as pronouns of the lattice I (first grid), my (second cell), me ( the third and fourth grid), we (plural first grid), our (plural second grid), us (plural third, four-frame); in English of legacy is reflected in a number of affixes, but also large
Latin branch (Latin Branch), or call Italian branch (Italic Languages) or the Romance languages (Romance Languages) - the evolution of these languages are from Latin them there. Latin, but Europe's most important classical language, although it has moved from people's verbal disappeared. In a very long time, it had a scientific and church, the main tool to communicate. Its letters have also been used with most languages.
In the Latin teams, the Italian and Portuguese can be considered the core of the direct descendant of the Latin language has. Spanish, Arabic and Basque had been subjected to the impact; romaria words are deeply branded all of its surrounding Slavic languages stamp. Another important language after the French go further evolved from the Latin, pronunciation is quite different, but it has a more Germanic and Celtic mark - but still leave enough room in the spelling of the Latin language marks. Spanish and Portuguese at more than 1000 years ago is still the same language.
Spanish is currently the Latin teams where the number of users and scope of the largest most widely used language, except in Spain, most Latin American countries are Spanish-speaking, and - it is also one of the United Nations are the five official languages.
Latin grammatical system of the world's many languages produced a very significant impact. It has three kinds of terms "sexual (genders)" and six "cells (cases)". In particular, its sentence structure (subject, predicate, object, etc.) has become the norm in many other languages. - The first grammar book in Chinese, "Ma Shi Wen Tong" is a "Latin Law", but their influence is very great, so that today's Chinese grammar in any case can not avoid eventually introduce new "Latin Law" instead of focusing.
- Slavic languages use the letter. Many Slavic languages are very close, only a slight difference in the writing, like the Croatian and Serbian is actually a language. The important feature of Slavic languages is their large number of consonant letter combinations and terminology of the grid (can be up to seven). Slavic languages was undoubtedly the most ancient Bulgarian; the most important thing in Russian. Other major languages are: Polish, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak and so on.
Indo-European, people often said, the three major language groups is the above mentioned Germanic languages, Latin branch and Slavic languages. Also not mentioned: The Baltic Branch (on behalf of Lithuanian language Lithuanian and Latvian Latvian), The Hellenic Branch (of the remaining language is Greek), The Illyric Branch (on behalf of language is Albanian) , The Armenian Branch (currently there are Armenian language), The Iranian Branch (both ancient Persian - Ancient Persian - evolved, and
One of the biggest language is the language of Iran - Afghanistan, there are a considerable number of people said that the Iranian language, second person of Kurdish Kurdish, but live today in Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq, the Kurds and other countries not yet belonging to their own country) , The Indic Branch (both evolved from the ancient Sanskrit Sanskrit is the language of the most numerous branch of a language, such as Hindi, Hindi, Pali Pali - Buddhist terms, Urdu Urdu, Nepali Nipali , Bengali Bengali, etc.). In addition to these, there are two language groups The Anatolian Branch and The Tokharian Branch has no existing language.
The last one to introduce, and it is very important to language branch is the Slavic languages (Slavic Branch) - the use of Slavic languages in Eastern Europe. As the Roman Empire in the fourth century (364 DC) of the division and disintegration of the fifth century, Christian churches are also separated into the West Catholic (Catholic Church) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (Orthodox Church). People within the Catholic Church still uses the Latin alphabet (Latin alphabet), while in the Orthodox people to use the area of evolution from the Greek of the Cyrillic alphabet (Cyrillic alphabet),
The development of English, growing up, it and the Latin, French and other countless ties occurred. English has a very clear traces of these languages, we should learn English to understand the content.

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语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：1、古英语时期，2、中古英语时期，3、现代英语时期。
1、古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年）
日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后，名自占领一些地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克森人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英国历史上的...

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语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：1、古英语时期，2、中古英语时期，3、现代英语时期。
1、古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年）
日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后，名自占领一些地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克森人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英国历史上的七国时代。直到公元830年，阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要方言有四种：西萨克森语，肯特语，莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。西撒克森语保存下来的手搞最多。其它方言在形成英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。
古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
古英语时期有两个重要的历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大的影响。第一件事是基督教传入英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。罗马文化随着基督教传入了英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词进入了英语。
第二件事是北欧人入侵英国。从公元790年开始，大批斯堪的那维亚人在英国定居。丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的那维亚人和英国人频繁交往，所以有许多斯堪的那维亚各国的词语进入了英语。
2、中古英语时期（公元1100—1500年）
公元1066年，诺曼人在征服王威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁-萨克森军队，英王哈路德战死，英国被征服。这在历史上被称为诺曼征服。从此，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建统治之下。谨曼征服是英国历史上的重要转折点，对英语的发展有巨大的影响。
诺曼征服之后，谨曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年里，谨曼法语成为英国的官方语言。普通人仍然讲英语，但英语的文字记载却几乎中断。中古英语一般右以分为两个时期，1204年后，英语逐渐恢复主导地位。1362年英王爱德华三世首次用英语向议会致词。十五世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。1476年，卡克斯顿把印刷术传入英国，对英语拼写标准化、传播英语书面语都起了很大的推进作用。
在中古英语时期，英语历经了剧烈变化。词尾变化大多消失，名词的性也消失了。词序，虚词和语调成了表示句子关系的主要手段。如果说古一英语与其它日尔曼语族的语言一样是典型的综合语，那么到了中古英语末期，英语已逐渐具有分析语的特性。而且这个趋势一直在继续着。
词汇方面的变化也是显著的。由于诺曼法语一度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词涌入英语。在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食等凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成了这些领域所用词语的主体。从此，英语改变了运用复合法创造新词的主要手段，并用来指称新事物，表达新概念这一日尔曼语族语言的特征，而向外来语敞开了大门。用直接引进借词的方法来满足对新词的需要。这一变化对英语词汇的发展影响深远，为日后大量借词—主要是希腊语词、拉丁语词—进入英语铺平了道路。
随着众多的法语借词被吸收进英语，一些法语和拉丁语的词缀也被英语化了，成为英语构词的重要素材。如前缀dis-, en-, inter-, mal-, non-, pre-, re-, semi-, sub-后缀如-able, -acy, -age, -al, -ancy/ency, -ate, -ory, -ance, -ant/-ent, -ician, -ise。与此同时，有些英语本族语的词缀反而被废弃不用了。在复合词的构成格式方面，也吸收了法语的一些特色，例如：名词+形容词，副词+过去分词(例by-gone)。这些现象，语言学史上称为英语的罗曼语化。这就是为什么从谱系关系上看，英语与德语同族，但现代英语的词汇和法语更相近的原因。
大量的法语词的涌入，也使英语词汇起了词义变化。有一些英语固有的词被淘汰掉了，有一些虽然还存在，但词义范围有所改变，或者带上特有的文体色彩和感情色彩。例如：wed在古英语中作“结婚”解，但在中古英语时期传入了法语词”merry”，英语中“结婚”这一意义渐渐由marry来表示，wed只用在引申意义中了；它的动名词wedding还是一个常用的词，但只限于指“婚礼”。带有不同文体意义的英语本族语词与法语并存，组成了英语中特有的同义词群格式。
3、现代英语时期（1500-- ）
到中古英语末期，英语已经确立了作为英国国语的地位。乔叟的作品证明，英语已成为一种成熟的文学语言。英语语法的简单化过程已大体完成，拼写走向固定，基本词汇也已形成。总之，现代英语的基础也已经奠定。如果说阅读中古英语以前的英语仿佛是在读另外一种语言，那么十六世纪以后的英语与当代的英语的差别也就不那么明显了。现代英语一般以1700年为界，分为早期现代英语与后期现代英语。1700年英语规范化和标准化过程已经完成，这以后英语的语音和语法都无大的变化，只有词汇不断地扩大和丰富。
早期现代英语时期，对英语词汇的影响最大的是文艺复兴运动。文专职复兴运动是十四世纪在意大利开始的，在十六世纪以后的两个世纪内对英国的影响很大。在这一时期，强调研究古代希腊、罗马文化，以对抗中世纪的封建文化。于是许多外来词，主要是拉丁语和希腊语的词语传入英语，成为英语的书面语和术语词的基本部分。同时也为英语提供了大量的同义词。希腊和拉丁语词进入英语后有的保留了原来的形式，如 climax, appendix, exterior, axis；有的失去了词尾，如（扩号内为拉丁语）, consult (consultare), exclusion (exclusioneum) exotic (exoticus)；还有的改变了词尾，使之更适合英语的形式，如形容词词尾us 变成了ous或变成al，名词词尾tas变为ty。
经过1640年英国资产阶级革命和其后的工业革命，英帝国开始向外扩张，与世界各地的交往日趋频繁，全球各地的语言都有语汇进入了英语，例如：harem[波斯语，商队]，bazaar[波斯语，市场]，shawl[波斯语，披肩]，kiosk[土耳其语，凉亭]，coffee[土耳其语]， nabob[印地语，大富翁]，soy[日语，酱油]，orang-outang[马来语，猩猩]，paddy[马来语，稻]。
与此同时，由于与法国一直保持着密切关系，法语词仍然源源不断地传入英语。这一时期传入英语的法语词很多保留了法语在发音和拼写上的特征，如protégé，被保护人，chaise两轮马车。
在构词法方面，截短单词和混成词迅速增加。依靠元音交替构成新词的方法被逐渐废弃了。
在这一时期，英语被带到了英国以外的一些地区、国家。成为那里的通用语言。这里应特别提到的美国英语。随着时间的推移，大西洋两边的盎格鲁-萨克森人使用的英语尽管基本相同，但在语言，拼写和语法方面都开始出现一些区别。
二十世纪以来，英美的科学文化有了很大的发展，各式各样的宣传媒介越来越普及，又发生了两次世界大战，从们之间的交往越来越多，英语的词汇也随着越来越丰富。词汇量有了成倍的增加。英语作为一种国际的语言，是英国，美国，澳大利亚，新西兰，加拿大等国的国语。使用人口过三亿四千万以上，是在国际上使用最广泛的语言，在国际交往中起着重要的作用。
经过1500年的变迁，英语从几个日耳曼部族的语言发展为今天具有重大国际影响的语言，这固然有政治，经济，社会的原因，但英语本身也有其它主要语言所没有的长处。词汇的国际性便是他的优点之一。从本单元简略地回顾中可以看出英语善于吸收外来词。一方面英语属于日尔曼语族，有日尔曼语的共同词语，另一方面又长期与法语及其它罗曼语族语言的联系密切，同时吸收了大量古典词语。可以说，英语把代表欧洲主要文化的词语兼收并蓄于一身，这在欧洲各语言中间是独特的。从语法角度看，英语词尾变化简单，没有复杂的性数格变化。英语正在不断向分析性语言的方向发展，向简化的方向发展，英语的词序起的作用越来越大，这也使英语比较容易学习，特别是容易入门了。
英语也有他的弱点。最容易察觉的便是拼读不统一，造成的拼写混乱。此外，同义词、惯用语特别多，这固然使其表现力强，但同时也给英语学习者带来了不少的因难。

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